The year is provided by the reference to Lamont 1861, which was published between 14 and 28 February 1861 (Publisher’s Circular 1861, p. 102).

CD’s presentation copy of Lamont 1861 is in the Darwin Library–Down. For the earlier correspondence between CD and Lamont, see Correspondence vol. 8, letter from James Lamont, [23 February 1860], and letter to James Lamont, 5 March [1860].

In describing the natural history of Spitsbergen, Lamont stated his opinion ‘that an attentive study of the Arctic animals is capable of mightily strengthening the theory of progressive development, first suggested by the illustrious Lamarck, and since so ably expounded and defended, under somewhat modified forms, by the author of the “Vestiges of Creation,” and by Mr. Charles Darwin.’ (Lamont 1861, pp. 271–2). Lamont illustrated this assertion by citing his view that the brown bear was the progenitor of the modern polar bear, speculating that brown bears had been transported by ice to Greenland and Spitsbergen. Assuming that those of the palest colour and with the greatest amount of external fat would have had the best chance of survival, he stated that the ‘process of natural selection would do the rest, and Ursus arctos would, in the course of a few thousands, or a few millions of years, be transformed into the variety at present known as Ursus maritimus.’ (Lamont 1861, p. 274). In a note, Lamont said that although these remarks were written in Spitsbergen before Origin was published, he ‘did not claim any originality’ for his views (ibid., p. 275 n.).

Citing CD’s reference in Origin, p. 184, to the black bear seen swimming with its mouth open and catching insects in the water, Lamont stated that he saw no difficulty in such a bear developing through natural selection, as CD had said, into a creature more aquatic in structure and habits until it became as ‘monstrous as a whale’ (Lamont 1861, pp. 277–82). CD had altered the passage for the second edition of Origin and removed it from subsequent editions (Peckham ed. 1959).